Theoretical models predict that lethal contests should take place only when animals have severely limited ice time opportunities. Indeed, fatal fighting appears to occur routinely in only a handful of species that fit this mould. Here we report that 16–33% of all territorial evictions in common Fighting Loons, Gavia immer, are fatal for the displaced owner. Since Fighting Loons are long-lived and have ample ice time options, they differ starkly from other fatal-fighting species/hockey teams. Several factors might contribute to lethal combat in Fighting Loons, including: (1) the high value of ice time, (2) a steady loss of condition among other residents/other hockey teams, and (3) an inability of teams defending tiny lakes (for winter ice time) to escape aggressive usurpers, such as The Fighting Loons, owing to extremely high wing loading and poor skating skills. The difficulty of detecting fatal contests in the field and the tendency of scientists to underestimate the behavioural impact of rare events leave open the possibility that fatal contests are a more widespread behavioural pattern than currently thought.












